…Muslims need to look within their own community and build reforms within it.
Last weekend, I finally managed to read the entire transcript of the Karan Thapar – Shabana Azmi interview and stumbled upon this bit in which she comments on the need for reform within the Muslim community:
Karan Thapar: Today, not just abroad but even in India, people say that Muslims have to take on the onus of changing the image of their religion and the image of the community. Is that a fair thing to say?
Shabana Azmi: I think it is. I would accept that because I don’t think that the Muslim leadership has bothered to clear the air about what Islam is all about….
And:
Karan Thapar: Do Indians, particularly those who aren’t Muslims, understand the extent of these problems that we have created by this prejudice for the 14-15 per cent Muslim minority? Do you think people understand this?
Shabana Azmi: Yes, and no. And when they don’t, I think it’s about time that Indian Muslims stopped viewing themselves as Muslims. I think otherwise they tend to get into that victim mode.
Karan Thapar: But what can they do?
Shabana Azmi: Firstly, you have to look within your community, you have to build reforms within it. You have to say that you want to look into things like education.
Keep Reading…
September 7th, 2008
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Distortions, Misrepresentations about India, Human Rights and Legal Issues, Identity, Islam & Reform, Muslim Population in India, Politics of Minority Appeasement |
12 comments
Amidst all the violence and “protests” around the issue of transfer of 40 hectares of land to Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB), I noticed twoquestions that appear to have gone unanswered.
The first question…and this is really the elephant in the room, is, “How many “Hindus” would it take to change the demography of Kashmir?
It is important to consider this question as this is what seems to upset most Kashmiris. To wit:
…President of Action Committee Against Land Transfer (ACALT) and former Kashmir Bar Association President, Mian Abdul Qayoom…termed the (SASB) decision as a conspiracy to change the demography of occupied Kashmir [ link ]
Syed Ali Shah Geelani, chairperson of the hard-line Hurriyat faction, has beenquoted as saying, “Transfer of forestland to SASB is a conspiracy to change the demography of the Valley. We will not allow this ploy to succeed,”
Let us look at some numbers.
According to 2001 Census of India, the population ofJammu and Kashmir was just over 10m of which6.8m (66.97%) were Muslims; Hindus were just over 3m(29.63%) -note that the % Muslim population has increased since the last censusin 1981 and the proportion of Hindus has decreased (atleastpartly due to migration);According to the 1981 census, Muslims accounted for 64.19% andHindus were at 32.24%.
However, this distribution hides the skewed demographics in the “Valley”. In Kashmir (Valley), the proportion ofMuslims is generally accepted to be~ 95% (e.g. see here),possibly more.
The 1981 census put the Pandits’ number (in the Valley) at a little over 124,000 in a total population of 3.1 million (It should be noted that between 1941 and 1981, the Pandit population declined from 15% to just under 5% while the Muslim population grew from 83% to 95%.The Hindu population in the Valley today is certainly lower than the 1981 number while the Muslim population has grown. According to this report, “…of the estimated 200,000 Hindus, known as Pandits, who lived in the Kashmir Valley…only some 10,000 remain.”
Against this backdrop, is itnot a joketo talk about the land allotment to SASB being an attemptto change the “demographics” of Kashmir - and to reduce Muslims to a minority?
Or am I missing something?
To change the demographics of the Valley, the entire Hindu population in Kashmir will have to move to the Valley and then some…even then, they may be short of a few lakhs, in numbers…
Why does not anyone expose the specious argument?
***
The second question is who exactly are the environmental critics or “local environmentalists” who areopposing the transfer on ecologicalgrounds?
E.g. “Critics say building permanent structures at base camps of the pilgrimage will ruin the fragile ecology of the mountainous region…” and “…Local environmentalists protested against the decision and local politicians joined them in opposing the issue…”
I did not find a single “expert” being named in any of the tens of news-reports…
It needs to be mentioned that the one department in the government that you would expect to have raised objections on environmental grounds - the Forest Department - has actually approved the proposal.
Specifically, “the matter was examined in the forest department at various levels and was finally submitted to the minister by the Principal Secretary of the Forest Department recommending that the proposal be approved.”[link ]
Am I the only one herewith the feeling something is not quite right?
Related Posts:
Specious Arguments and False Propoganda
More on Muslim Population Growth in India
Some startling stats from the eastern front
P.S. As many of you would know, Kashmir’s association with Hinduism goes back through the ages…The name itself issaid to be derived from Kashyapa, one of the seven Saptarishis…and Kashmir is home to some of the holiest shrines in Hinduism…Amarnath, of course but also Kheer Bhawani,Shankaracharya Mandir, Hari Parbat etc…
Eminent Kashmiris (from the ancientpast) are said toincludeAbhinavagupta, Kalhana and Charaka (and possibly Kalidasa). More here.
Also recommended:Amarnath exposes Kashmir Faultlines(fromOfftsumped)
June 28th, 2008
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Distortions, Misrepresentations about India, Enviroment Related, Jammu & Kashmir related, Muslim Population in India, Politics and Governance in India, Politics of Minority Appeasement, Post Independence History |
5 comments
Many of you must have read the recent news-reports on the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council’srecent call to Christians to have more children. It has also been pointed out invarious discussions on this subject thatChristians in Kerala have been at the forefront of family planning and have generally had fewer children than the rest.
However, a fact that has been conveniently ignored by most reports is thatnot only is”the Christian and Muslim population in the state (is)…well above the national average”, it is also growing faster than the Hindu population (emphasis mine):
T.R. Dilip, demographer and faculty member at the Centre for Development Studies in Thiruvananthapuram, says Christians in Kerala already have a higher average fertility rate that borders around two children, compared with 1.64 for Hindus. Muslims there have an average rate of 2.5%, he said, pointing to statistics from the National Family Health Survey. [ link ]
Another example of self-censorship by the mainstream media?
You decide.
Related Posts:
The great joke that is Indian media - part 2 *mustread*
The great joke that is Indian media series:Part 1,Part 2,Part 3, Part 4and Part 5.
June 21st, 2008
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Indian Media, Muslim Population in India, Politics and Governance in India |
3 comments
*** CAUTION: LONG POST ***
This is an unusual blog-post. It is actuallya series of excerpts fromarticles that speak for themselves.
Please read and share with everyone who is even a little bit concerned about India.
We cannot afford to remain mute spectators…
First, some excerpts from a richly referenced analysis, “The Shiliguri Corridor: Question Mark on Security” by Pinaki Bhattacharya:
“A critical futuristic threat perception vis--vis Indias North Eastern region has long preoccupied many analysts and the Indian security establishment. The projected exercise would involve Pakistan launching an attack on Jammu and Kashmir. At the other end, China would engage India militarily in the latters Northeast with movement from Tibet, through Bhutan and via Alipurduar in the Jalpaiguri district and consequently cut-off what is referred to as the eastern chickens neck or the Shiliguri corridor. An Indian strategists nightmare come true.
….In such a projected war scenario, while India battles Pakistan and China, behind the lines of the security forces guarding the narrow strip of land called the Shiliguri corridor, which at its narrowest is 20 kilometres long and just 20 kilometres wide in the general area south west of Shiliguri, the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), the Bodos, the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation and other subversives trained in Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan raise attrition to a feverish pitch. China could, it is projected, choose to cut the chickens neck with irreversible consequences vis--vis Indias Northeast.
Keep Reading…
May 22nd, 2008
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Geo-Strategic Issues (incl. Nuclear, Oil, Energy), Human Rights and Legal Issues, Identity, India & Its Neighbours, Indian Media, LeT, SIMI etc., Muslim Population in India, Politics and Governance in India, Politics of Minority Appeasement, Post Independence History, Terrorism in India |
5 comments
Areport in yesterday’s Telegraph (14th Feb) has some surprising statistics re.the growth of Muslim population in the border districts of Assam, Bihar and West Bengal.
The numbers speak for themselves.
Source: http://telegraphindia.com/1080213/images/13zzpopulationbig.jpg
Some excerpts from the report, “Demography survey on eastern border” by Bhavna Vij-Aurora
…”There have been reports that more madarsas and mosques are sprouting along the borders, which in itself is an indication of increased Muslim population in the area,” disclosed an intelligence official.
….
The last such study was done by the Intelligence Bureau and the home ministry in 1992, and their report kept a secret in view of the sensitive findings. It was ultimately leaked and the estimated number of illegal migrants from Bangladesh was anywhere between 1.5 crore and 2 crore. It’s time for a fresh survey, according to sources.
There have been renewed intelligence reports that militants are using madarsas and mosques as safe havens, and also for storing arms and ammunition.
…According to reports, the largest number of madarsas and mosques has come up in bordering areas with Nepal, lower Assam and Bengal. This complements another secret survey that has revealed that nearly 40 per cent villages in the border districts of Bengal are predominantly Muslim.
There are reports that concentration of the minority community, including the Bangladeshi immigrants in the villages, has resulted in the majority community moving to urban areas.
Along with madarsas and mosques, a large number of Muslim NGOs have sprung up in the area bordering Nepal….
“Most of these madarsas are used for anti-India activities by Pakistan-backed terrorists. The NGOs ostensibly work for the social and educational uplift of the Muslim community and receive substantial and completely unregulated funding from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Libya and other Islamic countries,” an intelligence report said.”
Related Posts:
India Breaking - Read this andWeep
Islamisation of north-east is now a real threat…
More on Muslim Population Growth inIndia
.
February 15th, 2008
Posted by
B Shantanu |
India & Its Neighbours, LeT, SIMI etc., Muslim Population in India, Pakistan related, Politics and Governance in India |
one comment
This is a sad story of the North East.
It is a first-person account of how bad things are in the beautiful land of the seven sisters - in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and other neighbouring states in the North East of India.
Having lived for several years in Assam, I have a very special affinity for the region and great personal interest in the developments there.
Assam, together with its six sistersis also a region of great strategic importance and critical to long term stability of our country.
Some of you may know that the physical link between India and this region is a tenous chickens neck - a strip of land that, at places,is merely 21kms in width - sandwiched between Nepal on one side and Bangladesh on the other.
Bear in mind also that the region has been troubled by various insurgency movements for the last three decades and things look like theyare reaching a boiling point. Equally worrying is the pan-Indian links that are being forged by terrorist organisations in the region.
To gauge the enormity of this risk, read Insurgency in India’s Northeast: Cross-border Links and Strategic Alliances” by Wasbir Hussain…anda more recent news-snippet, “ULFA outsourcing suicide attacks” which mentions growing links between ULFA and Harkat-ul-Jihadi Islami (HuJI).
Of coursemostof you would remember that HuJI issuspected to be behind the recent terrorist attack in Hyderabad.
It feels that the time to act is now…but the government in New Delhi is either sleeping - or wide awake but hoping that the problem will solve itself.
Keep Reading…
September 22nd, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
An Indian Identity, Current Affairs, India & Its Neighbours, Muslim Population in India, Politics and Governance in India, Post Independence History, Terrorism in India |
7 comments
Came across a great post by Sandeep on the recent assault on Taslima Nasreen in Hyderabad.
Some things stand out in this remarkable episode:
- The deafening silence of the liberal activists on the incident (from Arundhati Roy onwards) although there appears to be some condemnation of the incident from Muslims leaders (and others)
- The contrast in the stance of our Government re. granting of citizenship to Taslima (the government is still looking into it) and the demand for visa for Dr Haneef (see hereand here)
- The avoidance of the “M-word“by mainstream media
But the most striking part for me was this chilling statement - made on the floor of the assembly by Akbaruddin Owaisi, the floor leader of Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM) in the Andhra Assembly on Friday: It is legitimate to kill Taslima Nasreen under Islamic law, but unfortunately we could not do it*.
Unbelievable!
Also stumbled on thispieceby Atanu Dey:Exporting Islam in which he suggests “a distinction between Islam and Muslims”. Interesting.
See also: On Taslima Nasreen, fatwas and burqas and this post for my views on MF Husain and strong arm tactics.
* Source: Swapan Dasguptas article in The Pioneer titled Why MIM will go scot-free (note link may not work as articles are not archived on The Pioneer)
.
UPDATE: One more link added (at bullet point 1) and Teesta seems to have finally “spoken” by filing a petition seeking disqualification of three MIM legislators.
I wonder whether Teesta’s persistence will trump Swapan’s belief.
UPDATE - II: Firoz Bakhat has a good piece on this subject which I chanced upon this morning: “Attack on Taslima: Where are the Muslim voices of sanity? “
August 14th, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Impact of Islam on India, India & Its Neighbours, Indian Media, Muslim Population in India, Politics and Governance in India, Politics of Minority Appeasement |
28 comments
Excerpts from a column by British PM Tony Blair in the Sunday Times recently (May 27, 2007) (emphasis mine):
“The absconding of three people on control orders because of suspicion of their involvement in terrorism has, once again, thrown into sharp relief the debate about terrorism and civil liberty…(that is)… the balance between protecting the safety of the public and the rights of the individual suspected of being involved with terrorism.
…We have chosen as a society to put the civil liberties of the suspect, even if a foreign national, first.
I happen to believe this is misguided and wrong. If a foreign national comes here, and may be at risk in his own country, we should treat him well. But if he then abuses our hospitality and threatens us, I feel he should take his chance back in his own home country.
…Their (terrorists) right to traditional civil liberties comes first.
I believe this is a dangerous misjudgment.
This extremism, operating the world over, is not like anything we have faced before. It needs to be confronted with every means at our disposal.
…This extremism can be defeated.
But it will be defeated only by recognising that we have not created it; it cannot be negotiated with; pandering to its sense of grievance will only encourage it; and only by confronting it, the methods and the ideas, will we win.”
***
Coincidentally, Tavleen Singh also referred to this “sense of grievance” in her column yesterday about Indian Muslims:”De-Indianising Indian Muslims.
She lamented “theeasygoing, Indianised Islam of before which gave us some of our great poets, musicians, writers, thinkers and movie stars…” and pointed out how Indian Muslims are gradually being affected by the “worldwide jehad” and mentioned”two books that I recommend to our policy makers”, “Infidel by Ayaan Hirsi Ali and The Islamist by Ed Husain”…
Keep Reading…
June 2nd, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Global Terrorism, Islam & Terrorism, Muslim Population in India, Politics and Governance, Politics of Minority Appeasement, Terrorism in India |
2 comments
Just came across Prudent Indian’s commenton this post re. the Mecca Masjid blasts. I am reproducing it here:
“1.)Why did not Hindus rioted after Mumbai train blasts or Delhi serial bombings on the eve of Diwali or after AksharDham terrorist attack? WHY DID THESE RIOTS IN HYDERABAD? (To the list of attacks, I would add Sankat Mochan Temple attack where the restraint shown by Hindus was noted by even the international media).
2.)Why is it that it happened in AP a state run by SECULAR Chief Minister?Will these shriek and shout channels and secular newspapers demand his resignation?If,YES then show me one report demanding it and if NO,then why?”
Is PrudentIndian right or did I miss the riots?
In the meantime,RadhaRajan alerted me to the remark made by our Honourable Home Ministerabout how all religious places like “masjids, churches, mosques” will be given security cover - Did you spot the missing word? [clue: it begins with a "T"]
See also: “Unintended or deliberate: The missing H-word“
May 26th, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Media Related, Muslim Population in India, Terrorism in India |
4 comments
A few days ago, I came across thisvery worrying article, “ISI fomenting trouble in India’s north-east” that corroborated the fear I had for a very long time of ISI coordinating its anti-national activities across India.
First some excerpts:
“…Pakistan’s Inter Service Intelligence is working with Bangladesh’s intelligence agencies to facilitate cooperation between north-east militant groups like United Liberation Front of Asom and other jihadi outfits in South Asian regions, besides Tamil rebels in Lanka, US intelligence service Startfor has said.
…In its latest forecast titled ‘India: The Islamisation of the Northeast’, it observes that there is a growing Islamisation in the region — spurred by ISI, and instability in neighbouring Bangladesh…Stratfor says there exists a strong nexus between ISI and Bangladesh’s intelligence agencies.
…There are growing indications…that these two agencies are working clandestinely in Bangladesh to bring all the north-east-based insurgent outfits and jihadi elements under one umbrella.
…ULFA’s adoption of suicide bombing, Stratfor says, looks to be the result of the group’s increased Islamisation caused by collusion with Islamist outfits in the region.
The bomber in the April 9 suicide attack was Ainul Ali, a Muslim…(although) …ULFA did not have many Muslim cadres in its fold in the past…the increasing flow of Bangladeshi refugees across the border has given the group more — and more capable — members willing to sacrifice their lives for the group’s cause with nudging from the ISI…”
The Stratfor report is titled “India: The Islamization of the Northeast” and was published on 20th April 2007.
This article reminded me to update an essay I wrote almost two and half years ago titled “Arc of Islam” that threatens our strategic environment (pl. see the second article in the link).
Some of you may also like to follow these links on related topics:Open Borders and uncontrolled Immigrationand India’s Islamist Groups.
May 3rd, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Geo-Strategic Issues (incl. Nuclear, Oil, Energy), India & Its Neighbours, Muslim Population in India, Terrorism in India |
one comment
From a front page story in The Economic Times today (Apr 5, 07) titled, Hindu, Muslim equal in income*:
Forget all half-baked opinions you may have heard on the economic state of religious communities in India. Truth be told, at the national level, Hindus and Muslims are closer than you thought as far as average household income, expenditure, savings..go. In fact the gap between the two communities narrows appreciably, even reverses in some cases in favour of Muslims, in rural India.
The report is based on a recent NCAER survey. For the record, Average Annual Household Income amongst Hindus is Rs 61,423 vs. Rs 58,420 for Muslims. For Christians, it is Rs 70,644 while Sikhs are appreciably better off at Rs 91,153.
So Muslims may still be socio-economically backward as a community (although their literacy rates are also higher than Hindus in several states**), but the emphasis on improving their condition should be on the “social” aspects of backwardness which are to a large extent due to poor literacy amongst women, lack of family planning, lack of education (or reliance on the alternative education system - the madrasas) etc.
* Title of the story on the web version is slightly different (I wonder why): “Muslims spend more than Hindu peers”.
** See also a related post: “Literacy rates and “first claims”
April 5th, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Muslim Population in India, Politics of Minority Appeasement, Reservations, Affirmative Action |
no comments
A very well researched pieceon “India’s Islamist Groups” by Husain Haqqani (Published on Thursday, February 16, 2006)
Source: http://www.futureofmuslimworld.com/research/pubID.38/pub_detail.asp
Extracts:
Contemporary India is a Hindu-majority country, governed under a secular democratic constitution since 1947, when it achieved independence from British rule. At first glance India’s pluralism appears to protect it from falling under the spell of extremist ideologies, including Islamism
.But India has been home to some significant thinkers of political Islam, and militant Islamist groups continue to operate in, and even target, India today.Decolonization resulted in the partition of India along religious lines, but the birth of Pakistan in 1947 did not sever India’s linkages with Islam. At least one-third of pre-partition India’s Muslims stayed in India.
Today almost 12 percent of modern India’s population is Muslim, and with an estimated Muslim population of 170 million, India has one of the largest concentrations of Islamic believers.
Islam in India has historically been represented by both its esoteric form of Sufism as well as its various exoteric, traditional forms. Even after ruling large parts of India for eight centuries, Muslims overall remained a minority on the subcontinent.
the decline in Muslim political power in India from the late eighteenth century onward changed Muslim attitudes significantly. After the demise of the Mughal Empire, Islamic fundamentalism increased. Muslim elites, seeing a decline in their power, prestige and influence, focused on ways to revive their ascendancy.
This generated in India’s Muslim elites a preoccupation with the revival of Islam’s lost glory, which has been an important factor in the rise and spread of Islamist ideology the world over. Keep Reading…
March 10th, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, Impact of Islam on India, India & Its Neighbours, Islamic Rule in India, Muslim Population in India, Post Independence History |
no comments
Khushwant Singh recentlypenned an article in HT (”A room and a thought to spare“, Feb 16 ‘07)) strongly supportingTasleema Nasreen to stay in India beyond the expiry of her visa.
Excerpts below (emphasis mine):
“Millions of Indians must have been relieved to hear that Taslima Nasreen’s visa which was due to expire in a week has been extended to her life-time so that she can become a citizen of India. A fatwa pronounced by some Bangladeshi bigots - for her turning a free thinker - has put her life in jeopardy in Bangladesh. Thousands of Bangladeshis have been illegally sneaking in from their country to India, finding means of livelihood, getting ration cards and voting rights.
We have not been able to do anything about them. Here we have a case of an eminent novelist who came to India legally and is threatened with expulsion. Her only crime is that in her novel Lajja she exposed rampant corruption and religious skulduggery in her homeland and reneged from her faith. She has every right to do so. Mullahs pronounced the sentence of death on her. It is our sacred duty to protect her from harm.
In an article published in The Outlook, Taslima exhorted Muslim women to “burn their burqas”. It created an uproar in orthodox Muslim circles. The Koran and the Hadith were quoted in support of as well as against women wearing burqas.
It is assumed that it is a matter which concerns Muslims only. This is not so: it concerns all of us because Muslims are an integral part of our society. Non-Muslims would like to be closer to Muslims, their families visit Muslim homes and receive them in theirs. This is not possible if bigoted Muslims persist in segregating women folk and bullying them to wear burqas when they step out. Segregating women is a relic of the medieval past and should be discarded in the interests of the Muslim community.
Keep Reading…
February 27th, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Current Affairs, India & Its Neighbours, Miscellaneous, Muslim Population in India, Politics of Minority Appeasement |
no comments
Came across this very well written post, “The sachar muslim literacy ratepuzzle” by RealityCheck India recently.
In this thoroughly researched piece, RealityCheck explodes the myth of Muslim backwardness (at least in certain states).He writes, “It turns out that in 10 major states of India, Muslims are more literate than Hindus. This fact is conveniently ignored by the PM while promising them first claim on resources. Story here and here.
I am sure that the obvious come back to this argument is the plight of Muslims in other states/ regions..
But has anyone bothered to probe just how much of this “backwardness” or under-development is linked to prevailing socio-cultural norms across a large section of Muslims in India?
Polygamy, fatwas against contraception, large families and the severely oppressive situation of girls and womenrarely go together with economic betterment and social emancipation.
.
Related Post: More on Sachar, OBCs, reservationsetc
January 22nd, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Muslim Population in India, Politics and Governance in India, Politics of Minority Appeasement |
10 comments
…to upliftment and betterment of Dalits, backwardsand Muslims…
From the Time of India, 7th Dec ‘06 (article by Subodh Ghildiyal):
“Tectonic shift: Dalits find new vistas in private sector” Excerpts:
“NEW DELHI: Jhumur Das sits with a telephone in a Kolkata building and dishes out advice to callers from cities she has only heard about. She is a customer care executive with Aegis BPO.
Nothing surprising. Except that the young graduate, from an extremely modest Dalit family, left Hooghly a few months ago to stay alone in the crowded capital and be a career woman. In what could mark a trend shift in professional choices of backward classes, SC, OBC and minority youngsters taught since independence to avail the quota to enter government jobs are taking a definitive turn towards the private sector.
…The social justice ministry has tied up with NIIT to provide training for BPO jobs to those from backward groups. Out of the initial batch of 355 students, 116 like Jhumur have started working in the BPO sector. The response has seen the scheme extended beyond six cities to Chandigarh, Shimla, Pune and Jaipur.
The success has encouraged the ministry to explore other avenues. Airlines are next on the radar. Sources said the Centre may fund states in coaching girls and boys from these groups as air hostesses and stewards. It is seeking to build up on the experience of Karnataka. The issue will be deliberated by the ministry soon.
…Significantly, an official said, the idea was to look for sectors where wages and growth is good but not incumbent on academics. “Education remains an issue and while it has to go up, it should not handicap this generation of job seekers,” he said.
For sociologists, this shift, though in a nascent stage, is significant for reasons beyond professional. BPO, Hospitality sector etc are part of urban job centres which can help people in overcoming birth-based handicap when many laws have failed.
January 9th, 2007
Posted by
B Shantanu |
Hindu Social System, Muslim Population in India, Reservations, Affirmative Action |
no comments
and my inferences are based on...
