Hinduism as a secular concept

Here is a question for all readers:

Why is a “Hindu nation” automatically assumed to be a “fundamentalist, fascist state led by Hindutva fanatics”?

My hypothesis is: A Hindu state can�be the ultimate secular state since respect (not just tolerance or indifference) for all beliefs and religions will be enshrined as part of the constitution – officially*.

Note: This is a hypothesis; not an assertion.

I need your thoughts and comments to prove or disprove it. What do you think?

Comments, thoughts – including opposing points of views�- and reactions very welcome.

.

* I know that a truly “secular” state will actually separate the state from religion completely but as you know we have adopted a slightly different interpretation of the word “secular” in India (Amardeep Singh has a good post explaining the differences: “Secular Constitutions: the U.S. and India“).

Related Post: Must we separate religion from politics?

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24 Responses

  1. Vishnu says:

    To be precise, a Hindu State means a truly a Dharmic state. The concept of secularism in the West as well as India has many deficiencies.

    Secularism is not a lofty ideal, like liberty or equality. It owes its birth to Christianity’s inability to maintain peace between warring Christian sects, especially as the State itself sponsored pogroms against different denominations. Wearied of prolonged intra-religious warfare, France invented secularism.

    Hindu civilisation has never, even when under murderous assault, indulged in pogroms on grounds of faith. Hence, unlike Western concepts of democracy and equality, which find resonance in Indian hearts, secularism cuts no ice with the masses. India has traditionally vested spiritual authority in the guru and political power in the king, giving the latter the duty to protect Dharma.

    Dharma is thus not co-terminus with religion; the closest Indian word for religion is pantha. Secularism in India, as noted jurist Dr L.M. Singhvi insisted on when translating the modified Preamble of the Constitution into Hindi, is pantha-nirpeksha (non-discrimination towards individual faiths). So, while ‘secular’ is the opposite of ‘religion’ and ‘communal’, Dharma is neither secular in the sense of being anti-religious nor communal in the sense of favouring a particular sect.

  2. Nandan says:

    Dear Shananu:

    Your hypothesis that “a Hindu state can be the ultimate secular state since respect (not just tolerance or indifference) for all beliefs and religions will be enshrined as part of the constitution – officially*” seems to suffer from a defect. The premise that the dogmatic religions seek equal respect is not consistent with hard fact. They believe that theirs is the only true religion. Secularism is just another word for hypocrisy for believers of such religions. Their true goal is supremacy and not equality. It is for this reason that we need to look beyond political posturing and see why Hinduism which is outwardly so disorganized and highly difficult to fathom manages to create so much insecurity among the apparently watertight and foolproof religions. With that purpose in mind we shall now see what some non-Hindus have concluded when they became familiar with the Indian philosophy.

    [ I have taken the following quotes from sites given below:

    http://www.hinduwisdom.info/index.htm

    This site is undoubtedly a treasure house and any visitor who returns empty-handed without taking a wisdom pearl or two is a sure loser. ]

    1. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) American Philosopher

    “In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagavat Geeta, since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there I meet the servant of the Brahmin, priest of Brahma, and Vishnu and Indra, who still sits in his temple on the River Ganga reading the Vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water—jug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. The pure Walden water is mingled with the sacred water of the Ganga (Ganges).”

    2. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), German philosopher and writer

    “From every sentence (of the Upanishads) deep, original and sublime thoughts arise, and the whole is pervaded by a high and holy and earnest spirit….”In the whole world there is no study so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. They are destined sooner or later to become the faith of the people.”

    3. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) an author, essayist, lecturer, philosopher

    “I owed a magnificent day to the Bhagavad-Gita. It was as if an empire spoke to us, nothing small or unworthy, but large, serene, consistent, the voice of an old intelligence which in another age and climate had pondered and thus disposed of the same questions which exercise us.”
    “The Indian teaching, through its clouds of legends, has yet a simple and grand religion, like a queenly countenance seen through a rich veil. It teaches to speak truth, love others, and to dispose trifles. The East is grand – and makes Europe appear the land of trifles. …all is soul and the soul is Vishnu …cheerful and noble is the genius of this cosmogony. Hari is always gentle and serene – he translates to heaven the hunter who has accidentally shot him in his human form, he pursues his sport with boors and milkmaids at the cow pens; all his games are benevolent and he enters into flesh to relieve the burdens of the world.” Emerson, talking of the Upanishads and the Vedas, said that having read them, he could not put them away. “They haunt me. In them I have found eternal compensation, unfathomable power, unbroken peace.”

    4. Dr. Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975) the great British historian.

    “It is already becoming clear that a chapter which had a Western beginning will have to have an Indian ending if it is not to end in self-destruction of the human race. At this supremely dangerous moment in human history , the only way of salvation is the ancient Hindu way. Here we have the attitude and spirit that can make it possible for the human race to grow together in to a single family.”

    5. Annie Wood Besant (1847-1933)

    “After a study of some forty years and more of the great religions of the world, I find none so perfect , none so scientific, none so philosophical and none so spiritual that the great religion known by the name of Hinduism. Make no mistake, without Hinduism, India has no future. Hinduism is the soil in to which India’s roots are stuck and torn out of that she will inevitably wither as a tree torn out from its place. And if Hindus do not maintain Hinduism, who shall save it? If India’s own children do not cling to her faith who shall guard it. India alone can save India and India and Hinduism are one. ”

    There are many others which the reader can see for himself from the above-mentioned site. It is clear that an enlightened mind which is unfettered by rules of dogmatic religion will ultimately turn its gaze towards the Indian spirituality as the ultimate source. The sectarian scholars of both east and west are acutely aware of this all-embracing nature of Hindu spiritual thought. It keeps nothing away from its fold. It is impossible for any rational mind to object to the lofty principles of such a faith.

    As Vivekananda said “Hindu religion does not consist in struggles and attempts to believe a certain doctrine or dogma, but in realizing not in believing, but in being and becoming.” It is but natural that the followers of sectarians schools feel threatened of their very existence, if such free thought permeates the common man across the other religions. But the sectarian is in sight of a ray of hope. There is scope to fish in trouble waters. Though Hinduism is the most sublime spiritual experience for the enlightened, the common man who is worried with his daily sustenance in a material world has no use for such high ideals. All opposites must coexist. Without the bad there is no good. Without ignorance there is no knowledge. Life is our journey from on to the other. So it makes sense for the sectarian school to throw rotten eggs on whatever is a threat to its civilization that now flourishes but which is unequivocally founded on a lesser truth and questionable basics. Such behavior is imperative to hold their herd together.

    We need to look no further for any reason why a civilization that believes man, God’s best creation, is a sinner by birth would spare no opportunity to blacken the face of another far superior culture which realizes the potential divinity that is inherent in everything that exists. Of what use is a follower for the sectarian or the communist, if such follower were to break dogmas so central to its faith and to choose a path that will lead him away from it. Who on earth wants to dig his own grave? This is exactly the reason why a “Hindu nation” is automatically assumed to be a “fundamentalist, fascist state led by Hindutva fanatics”. However, I would replace the words “automatically assumed to be” with “desperately sought to be projected as”. These are the people who do not hesitate to tell us that we have no access to God. They know it because they have patented Him. Unless we subscribe for membership, the “Password” is not revealed! Little do they realize that TRUTH ALONE PREVAILS.

  3. Nandan says:

    Shantanu: My computer had a problem and I sent my comments twice. Kindly delete one. I am really sorry for this mistake though inadvertently made.

  4. B Shantanu says:

    Nandan: Not your fault at all.

    Your comment was mistakenly marked as spam by my filtering software (it acts strangely at times) and hence it did not appear the first time you posted it.

    I have deleted the duplicate. Dont worry.

    Thanks.

  5. atlantean says:

    Hinduism is the last remaining religion which can challenge the dominance of the dogmatic monotheistic God-created-the-world-in-six-days-and-went-to-holiday-on-the-seventh religions from West Asia. Hinduism has always been a source of insecurity for these religions and therefore, the rush and the urgency with which Hinduism is projected as a demonic, irrational, unequal and superstitious religious system which should be abandoned in favour of the God revealed, rational, egalitarian religions of Islam, Judaism and Christianity (add Communism too without the divine factor.)

    Sathyameva jayathe – truth ultimately triumphs. Unlike the dogmatic religions of the West, Hinduism doesnt shut the door on the search for truth or claim monopoly over it. Instead, Hinduism encourages a human being to search and find the truth, not for the priesthood, not for the church or the temple, not to satisfy and please Allah, not to gain new converts, not to spread the “gospel of God”… but for yourself – the SELF – for your own enlightenment.

    That, clearly, is a threat to the aggressive dogmatic belief systems from the West… for it would invalidate the foundational beliefs of these religions and ultimately the revelance of these religions itself to their followers.

    A Hindu state would always be secular for:

    1. Historically, Hinduism and the priestly orders never posed a threat to the ruling order. There was a harmonius relation between the two. Neither did they fight each other nor did they try to invalidate each others’ importance or position.

    2. Hinduism makes no distinction between believers and nonbelievers for there is nothing central to believe as such in Hinduism and therefore, would not relegate non-Hindus to second class citizens.

    Hinduism encourages free thought, expression and choice. I dont see a reason why a liberal democracy should be replaced with a Hindu state.

  6. B Shantanu says:

    Vishnu and Nandan: I like your arguments which highlight a fundamental problem with the term “secular” in the Indian, Hindu and/or Dharmic context.

    Atlantean: Great comment – especially the second point. Well said.

    Nandan: Thanks for the quotes.

  7. B Shantanu says:

    From Dr Karan Singh’s interview to Indian Express, a very relevant quote:

    “I think in India secularism has come to mean something quite different from what it means in Europe.

    Secularism in India should not mean anti-religiousness.

    Secularism is what Gandhiji preached or what even Sarva Dharma Sambhav says, that is, equal respect for all religions.

    But the Left still looks at secularism from the absolutist point of view, as either pro- or anti-religion.

    …I don’t think that the ‘anti-religious’ definition of secularism of the Left is sustainable.”

  8. Vamanan says:

    Dear Shantanu…Surely, Hinduism…which looks at all faiths as roads to God and does not seek converts can be depended upon to respect all forms of worship…and therefore to preside over all of them…It is the religion that is nearest to spirituality…
    The Semitic…and western way of thinking is to formulate one god and to envisage a single church…Sri Aurobindo said that religion would reach its perfection when there is, not one religion, but a religion for each one of us…religion is the means to make a man rise to greater heights spiritually …what suits him best is his religion….Kindly look through Sri Aurobindo’s comments on the subject…But unfortunately so many dollars (both petro and Bush variety) are being pushed to preach all sorts of divisive doctrines that the world is being cloven into fanatic bits…This is not religion at work…it is just some half-baked fanatics fretting out their insane dogmas…
    Let the cool breeze of sanity and humanity waft all across the globe…
    Vamanan

  9. B Shantanu says:

    Vamanan: Very good point:

    “Surely, Hinduism…which looks at all faiths as roads to God and does not seek converts can be depended upon to respect all forms of worship…”

    Unfortunately secularism in India has come to mean being anti-religion. That is a shame.

    I read something in the IHT today (re. Turkey) which is very interesting and relevant for this discussion – will post about it over the weekend.

    Thanks.

  10. Rahul says:

    Biggest Hindu Priest Shankaracharya is calling Hindus to embrace Islam and spread Islam worldwide.

    In this second video , you can watch President of Arya Samaj is ordering Indians to read and distribute Koran . He also went to the extent by saying catch US President Bush and make him recite Koran if needed by force.

    India is being destroyed by Morons like this who have bitterly divided Indian Society into castes and subcastes , and now they are so much afraid of Islam that they have almost submitted to Islam and now spreading it.

    This is too much. These are traitors and they have harmed Indian and Indians always.

    Any comments and suggestions are welcomed.

  11. B Shantanu says:

    Rahul: Thanks for your comment. I will have a look at the link and respond later.

  12. Nandan says:

    Adi Shankaracharya established only four Maths. Govardhan, Sringeri, Dwaraka and Puri. A fifth viz. Kanchi also is popularly considered a Shakar Math. There are many priests of sub groups within these Maths each claiming the title of Shankaracharya. But nobody really knows them or have popular support. I have personally seen a person claiming to be a Shankaracharya who visited Kerala about more two decades. This guy ended up eloping with a woman from a village and is said to be happily married now. This guy must be from a similar category. Can you find out to which Math this “Shankaracharya” belongs?

    I listened to some parts in the speech. The video was not clear. It is clear that most members of the crowd he was addressing are not Hindus. Certain words he used are not normally used by any Hindu Acharyas. All I can say is I smell a rat.

    In the end, it may be just that he was saying all the right words to the audience before him. Or may be he is a potential convert. If that is the case, let’s say good riddance to him.

  13. Krishna says:

    This is with reference to video link provided by Rahul.

    I can’t believe this, there is really something wrong.
    Is he really Shankaracharya? Caption said “Shankaracharya
    Dayananda Saraswati” but I haven’t heard of any
    Shankaracharya by that name.

    I am not much worried about Arya Samaj etc., but
    Shankaracharya of traditional school of thought?

    But it’s still possible that this Shankaracharya is afraid
    of loosing a debate if he directly takes on claims of Muslims,
    and he rather chooses to declare their point of view itself
    as correct as if to appease them (is there a need for him
    to appease?)

    Over the years because of belief that “all religions are true”
    on part of Hindus, the culture of debate and logical analysis
    has died out. No Hindu swamiji/scholar worth his name today
    is equipped with knowledges of Nyayashastra (logic) and
    rules of debate.

    A few days ago Sri Sri Ravishankar had a debate with
    Zakir Naik, and that video is available here and there on
    internet. Muslims claim victory in that debate and it does
    give that impression even to me when I see it. Basically,
    Sri Sri is not debating and taking Naik head-on and repeats
    again and again just that it is wrong to say “I alone is true.”
    He is not interested in the subject of the talk and only goes
    around talking about world peace etc., which was not
    the subject at all.

  14. Subadra Venkatesh says:

    There are two problems that Hindus face when addressing other religions.

    One is a certain innocence or perhaps nobility of spirit which comers from the Hindus own pluralistic traditions which teach them to accomodate and tolerate other religious beliefs. Sometime this accomodation of differences extends to tolerating the intolerant and intolerable. We cannot and should not tolerate and accomodate those who will not tolerate us. This is in fact one of the key messages in the Gita when Arjuna is encouraged to fight against his own cousins and teachers who seek to destroy him and his brothers.

    The second problem is that there is a disinclination among Hindus to question any religious belief; this prevents them from examining other people’s religious beliefs and critiquing them. Thus, we have Hindu who say “all religions are equal” or “all paths lead to the same goal’ without really examining whether this is really so.

    We also tend to accept the idea tha we have to somehow fit our religion into western concepts of it. Thus, we see Hindus accepting monotheism as a kind of gold-standard by which we have to examine our own polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic and monistic traditions.

  15. B Shantanu says:

    Subadra: Please have a look at the discussion below.

    I am certain that you will find it fascinating.

    Do you believe in Jesus as much as you believe in Ganesh?”

    Comments welcome, as always.

  16. Nemo says:

    Regarding that video about someone claiming to be Shankaracharya and then talking about islam:

    Comments at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32t0at0pZow
    “Fake Shankaracharya speaks on islam”

    >> As can be seen from the comment below, this “Devanand Saraswati” is no Jagadguru Shankaracharya.

    But the muslims commenting on the propaganda videos of trytobekool and atharbaba believe the charade, because they don’t do any background checks whatsoever on who this person praising their religion is. They just assume this man ‘must be’ whom Zakir Naik said he was. They’re either deceived or they’re eager to believe his deception.
    <>The 5 established Shankaracharya Maths with their Jagadguru Shankaracharyas are:
    (1)Sringeri: Bharati Teertha Swaminaha
    (2)Puri: Neeschalanand Saraswati
    (3&4)Shankaracharya of Dwaraka Math, Swaroopanand Saraswati, is also Shankaracharya of Jyotirmath. (He’s the ONLY recognised Jagadguru of Jyotirmath. So at all official gatherings of the Shankaracharya Maths, he represents both Dwaraka & Jyotir Maths)
    (5)Kanchi (appoints successors early): Jayendra Saraswati & successor Vijayendra Saraswati
    <>Zakir Naik hired the imposter in the video.
    Another instance of a fraud hired to lie on Hinduism:
    In 2002, the American Federation of Muslims of India (AFMI) paid the well-known fraud “Swami Adhokshyananda” to speak in the US against Hinduism.
    That pretender is better known as the FAKE ‘Puri Shankaracharya’ and has long been exposed. The real one never went to the US.
    Documented details of that imposter can be found at the ivarta com page ‘”FAKE” Shankaracharya in USA’.
    <>The pretender Devanand Saraswati is not recognised by the Shankaracharya Matha he claims to represent:
    An official representative of that Shankaracharya Matha – Shree Shankaracharya Swaroopanand Saraswati – has identified ‘Devanand Saraswati’ as NOT being a Shankaracharya at all.
    <> Information on another fake Shankaracharya often used for anti-Hindu propaganda purposes can be found at:
    http://www.ivarta.com/cause/IC11_SCharya.htm
    <> He was used by Muslim and Christian organizations (Pioneer/HVK 10-06-02) <<

    Perhaps instead of Hindus jumping to the conclusion that we’re dealing with “corrupt Hindu Swamis”, we might next time first give Hindus the benefit of the doubt and start off from a position that maybe we’re dealing yet again with “secular” frauds working for pay with islam/communism/christianism and other such niceties.

  17. Vishnu says:

    Thanks Nemo for the findings… I was first puzzled when I saw this video… and now things are clear..

  18. B Shantanu says:

    From a recent interview of RSS leader Madan Das Devi by Indian Express (emphasis mine):

    Question: …why can’t we live with the fact that every Indian can have a distinct identity yet be an Indian?

    Madan Das Devi: Multi-culture, multi-god and tolerance are qualities of India because India is Hindu. We are secular because we are Hindus. The reason we are so liberal is because we are Hindus. India was divided on the basis of religion. But India remained secular. Who has kept it secular? We Indians — Hindus.

  19. B Shantanu says:

    Some excerpts from Why we must lose sleep over Hindu terror by M R Venkatesh which reinforce the point I made in the post re. “secularism” (emphasis mine)

    Samuel Huntington, one of world’s foremost political thinkers, captures this paradigm rather eloquently and brings out this conflict between the temporal power and the spiritual authorities when he states in his celebrated book The Clash of Civilizations: ‘God and Caesar, church and state, spiritual authority and temporal authority, have been a prevailing dualism in Western culture.’

    He further adds: ‘Only in Hindu civilisation were religion and politics also so distinctly separated. In Islam, god is Caesar, in China and Japan [Images], Caesar is god; in orthodoxy, god is Caesar’s junior partner. The separation and recurring clashes between church and state that typify western civilisation have existed in no other civilisation.’

    It is this separation programme in western civilisation between the church and the government, between the spiritual and the temporal power, that came to be popularly (at least in India) known as secularism.

    Traditionally, India had a simple approach to this vexed issue — temporal power achieved this separation by respecting all religions by adopting the broader philosophy of Raj Dharma. In return, religious leaders never interfered in the matter of mundane governance as was the case of the church in the west.

    It is indeed surprising that despite the civilisational advantage of having settled this issue of separation of temporal and spiritual power long back, it is the lack of understanding of world experiences as well as the history of our nation that continues to haunt modern India.

    what is missed in the melee of adopting this brand of secularism is that secularism as practiced in the West is by and large an intra-religious affair. To amplify further, how could a model that handled one and only one religion and that too the predominant religion in its relationship with the State become a model for setting the relationship of government in a multi-religious, plural and complex country like India?

    …Naturally, when we adopt secularism modelled on the west to deal with religious issues, we run the risk of shooting ourselves in our temple.

    In the process our politicians have failed to understand that India is secular, not because of the Constitution of India which proclaims India to be a secular state, but because the vast majority of people from all faiths believe in the right of others to follow any other religion. At every village, town or city, barring minor exceptions, it is this approach of ordinary people that makes India governable to whatever extent that she is.

    …Nothing else can explain maintenance of law and order across the country consisting of over six lakh villages with a mere hundred thousand police stations.

  20. B Shantanu says:

    Thought-provoking excerpt from a post by Acorn, “Who says Nationalism must be intolerant?“:

    The political expression of nationalism depends on the values of the nation concerned (the nation being an “imagined community” that has cultural kinship). If nationalism in twentieth-century Europe resulted in intolerance and violence it is because the intolerant and violent values of Europe’s nations were dominant. There is no reason to believe that this will happen everywhere else.

    Indian nationalism since the middle of the nineteenth century was informed by the quintessentially Hindu values of tolerance and pluralism. As long as Indian nationalism continues to be driven by these dominant Hindu values, we need not worry too much about the colours with which Western discourse paints it with.

    The politics of liberal nationalism is not only possible but presents modern society with a enlightened way to manage its affairs. Actually, this has been the way in India for much of history, with the exceptions being Islamic and European attempts to impose religious intolerance in some parts during some periods. These attempts largely failed except in 1947. Even so, the outcome of Partition showed that systems that reject the values of tolerance and pluralism will come to grief.

  21. B Shantanu says:

    Pavan K Varma writing in Mail Today:
    The question is: Is there something inherently antithetical between religious faith and a secular outlook?

    I would think not.

  22. Shantanu says:

    From What The Haridwar Conference Got Wrong by Aravindan Neelakandan

    Hindutva politics, a strand in the national and organic process called Hindutva, is the politics of a culturally and religiously besieged Pagan people fighting expansionist and monopolistic forces. Hindus are the last remaining non-monopolistic, theo-diverse nation in the world. So, Hindutva politics is the politics of survival.

    In India, Hindus are a communal majority, but not a political one. Thus, Hindutva politics also has the tendency of showing the rhetoric of majoritarian politics at times. When the genuine fear of getting wiped out by global monopolistic forces and voices of majoritarian crudeness combine, it gives rise to an ugly phenomenon.

    The Haridwar Sammelan is an excellent example of this.

    There is another side to this coin too.

    Muslims in India are indeed religious minorities. Their politics does have strong democratic elements of minority politics. In any good democracy, minority politics should be respected and should be the voice of civilizational conscience in that society. At the same time, Muslim politics in India is also Islamist. In that aspect, it is the politics of unbridled expansionism. The strategy of Islamist politics in India is to camouflage itself with democratic aspects. The anti-Hindu leftists who ally with the Islamist politics help them in the act — on political, academic and media platforms.

  23. B Shantanu says:

    Somewhat related: It’s Time for a New Hindu-Muslim Deal by Hasan Suroor , 13 May, 2022 (about how …”Indian secularism was doomed to fail”)